Doing Research

Reference in Text

The list of references is arranged in the order they appear in the text. Each time a document is referred to its number in the list of references is inserted in the brackets or in superscript.

e.g. "There is some evidence (12) that these figures are incorrect"
or "Smith (12) has provided evidence that these figures are incorrect"

Numeric System - book, journal reference, chapters

Listing References

1. Books - Items for inclusion:
   • Number of reference in the text
   • Name of author/s (Surname followed by initials or forename/s)
   • Title of publication (in italics or underlined)
   • Edition (if not first edition)
   • Place of publication
   • Publisher
   • Year of publication
   • Year
   • Page number/s referred to (abbreviated to pp.)

   e.g. 1. Leggett, J. The carbon war: global warming and the end of the oil era.
   2nd edition. London, Penguin, 2000. pp. 25-27

2. Journal articles - Items for inclusion:
   • Number of reference in the text
   • Name of author/s (Surname followed by initials or forename/s)
   • Title of article
   • Title of periodical (in italics or underlined)
   • Volume number
   • Part number (in brackets)
   • Year of publication
   • Page number/s of article (abbreviated to p. or pp. for plural)

   e.g. 2. Ledwith, S. and Manfredi, S. Balancing gender in higher education - a study of the experience of
   senior women in a 'new' UK university. European Journal of Womens Studies, 7 (1), 2000. pp. 7-33

3. Chapters/ Sections of books contributed by individual authors - Items for inclusion:
   • Number of reference in the text
   • Author/s of the chapter/ section (Surname followed by initials or forename/s)
   • Title of chapter/ section followed by 'In:'
   • Author/s or editor/s of book (If editor put 'ed.' after the name)
   • Title of book (in italics or underlined)
   • Edition (if not first edition)
   • Place of publication
   • Publisher
   • Year of publication
   • Page number/s of chapter/ section (abbreviated to p. or pp. for plural)

   e.g. 3. Brennan, A.A. Environmental decision making. In: Berry, R. J. ed.
   Environmental dilemmas: ethics and decisions. London, Chapman & Hall, 1993. pp. 1-19